American Civil War

Sunday, April 15, 2007

Antietam National Battlefield

By Richard Chapo

If you’re a history buff, Antietam National Battlefield is a national park you have to see. Antietam, of course, is a major civil war site.

Antietam National Battlefield is simply huge. Located in the middle of Maryland, the national park is made up of over 3,255 acres of land. The geography of the area evolves from flat lands used for agriculture to heavily forested areas.

Antietam National Battlefield is an incredibly important historical location. In 1863, the battlefield was the site of the first invasion of the north by the Confederate Army. The battle was simply brutal with over 23,000 soldiers killed or wounded. The battle is known for being the bloodiest one-day event in the history of our nation. As a result of the Confederate invasion, President Lincoln issued his now famous emancipation proclamation

In 1934, Antietam was established as a National Park. In light of its historical importance, it is a major tourist destination with over 300,000 visitors annually visiting the park.

When visiting Antietam, there are a few locations you simply must see. Dunker Church may seem unassuming, but it was the location of massive battles for armies trying to gain high ground. The sunken road is the site of a brutal battle in which nearly 6,000 solders from both sides were killed in only three hours. Located on top of a hill, Antietam National Cemetery is the resting place of over 4,000 soldiers.

Obviously, the civil war was a defining moment in the history of the United States. If you're looking for a historical experience, Antietam is worth a visit.

Rick Chapo is with NomadJournals.com - makers of diary and writing journals. Visit NomadJournalTrips.com to read more articles about national parks and the great outdoors.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Richard_Chapo
http://EzineArticles.com/?Antietam-National-Battlefield&id=135788

Civil War Food - What Union and Confederate Soldiers Ate

By Steven Chabotte

The modern U.S. army has a wide array of food products available to them in base camps and in the field. There are a large number of MREs (which are actually quite tasty) and other portable foods available to them when on missions and when stationed in hostile terrain. And when posted at an established base camp, the food that is prepared is also quite good. A large part of this is of course the ready availability of large quantities of any sort of food imaginable in today's modern environment. In fact, today's soldiers have the best food ever made available to a fighting force.

But it wasn't always that way.

Take the Civil War. Civil War food kept the soldiers fed and not much else. Lets take a look at the diet that comprised the typical Civil War food ration. There were several issues that affected the food that was supplied to the Civil War soldiers. These include the organization of the Commisary Department - which was tasked with the acquisition and distribution of food to the soldiers in the field, the season which determined if fresh food was available or if it was preserved in some way and the ability of the food to stay good for long term storage and transportation.

Prior to the war, the concentration of Commisaries was in the North so when the Civil War began, the North had a great advantage as they already had an existing Commisary Department that was already trained in how to acquire and transport food to soldiers in the field. Their job was to work with the troop numbers and schedules and keep a constant supply of foods going to each area where troops were stationed so that the soldiers could keep on fighting without worrying about where their next meal would be coming from. It took the Confederacy several years to develop a working Commisary so being a soldier of the South was more difficult. It required real dedication to be fighting when you didn't know where your next meal was coming from. Because of this lack of infrastructure, the South had to do a lot of foraging for food between battles until the supply lines were up and operational.

Civil War soldier food was typically very simple fare - often consisting of meat, coffee, sugar and hardtack - a type of dried biscuit. The meat was often salted or dried so it would last a bit longer and fruits and vegetables were rarities on the battlefield. Because the soldiers were often in the field, they needed to carry rations with them. They had a special bag - called a haversack - whihc was made of canvas with an inner cloth bag that could be washed to get food debris cleaned out once in a while. But even with this design, the bags were often quite contaminated and foul smelling. Cleanliness was typically not high on the Civil War soliders priority list.

Union soldiers and Confederate soldiers typically had a different mix of rations. A Union soldier might have salt pork, fresh or salted beef, coffee, sugar, salt, vinegar, dried fruit and vegetables. And if it was in season, they might have fresh carrots, onions, turnips and potatos. A Confederate soldier typically had bacon, corn meal, tea, sugar, molasses and the very occasional fresh vegetable.

The other difference in Civil War food between the Union and Confederate armies was the type of bread product they had available to them. Confederate soldiers had something called "Johnnie Cake" that they made in the field from cornmeal, milk and a few other ingredients. The Union soldiers had hardtack, also referred to as "tooth dullers" or "sheet iron crackers". Hardtack was manufactured in large factories in the North and was a staple food for the Union soldiers. Hardtack got its name because it was often not used until months after it was made and during that time, it hardened rock solid which is how it got its nicknames.

As you can see, food has come a long way due to the advent of technologies that allow for better preservation of a wide variety of foods. Gone are the days of weevil infested hardtack. They have been replaced with modern vacuum seal technologies that allow foods to stay fresh and tasty years after they have been packages. And since they say an army is run by its stomach, it is no surprise that the modern soldier is the best the world has ever seen.

The Historical Archive offers a large, robust library of DVD and CD based products covering a wide range of significant and interesting historical events and cultural moments through film, photos, audios, maps and other documents. This growing collection of DVDs and CDs covers the full range of significant events that have shaped our culture, entertainment values and history.

For more details about the Civil War, please visit our Civil War Store where we offer a variety of information products about the Civil War.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Steven_Chabotte
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War-Food---What-Union-and-Confederate-Soldiers-Ate&id=366537

Civil War Medals

By Eddie Tobey

U.S. Civil War is also known as the War Between the States. This Civil war waged from April 1861 until April 1865. The war was hastened by the secession of eleven Southern states through 1860 and 1861 and development of Confederate States of America under the rule of President Jefferson Davis. States in the southern region feared that the new president Abraham Lincoln and the Northern politicians would obstruct the growth of slavery and put in danger the existing slaveholding arrangement. Abraham Lincoln had been elected in 1860.

Abraham Lincoln tried to free the Southern slaves all through the war by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. He fought first and foremost to reinstate the Union. The civil war began on April 12, 1861 when Confederate weaponry fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. It took Allied forces up to ten weeks to break down Fort Sumter. The war was intense and many soldiers lost their lives under the command of President Abraham Lincoln. The Civil War Medal was given to all those who were in active military service between April 15, 1861 and April 9, 1865. The eligibility time frame for Texas was extended up to August 20, 1866 to award the medal. War Department General Orders Number 12 established the Army Civil War Campaign Medal on January 21, 1907.

Civil War is the first military service acknowledged by a campaign medal. As a result, this medal is worn ahead of all other Army campaign medals. Francis D. Millet designed the Civil War Medal. Its first recipient was Major General Charles F. Humphrey on May 26, 1909 as the Civil War Medal No. 1 was awarded to him.

An engraving of Lincoln is placed in the center of the medal and is bordered by raised writing with the text "WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE WITH CHARITY FOR ALL." The head of Lincoln was selected by Millet because it was the only thing that could be used on the medal without misdemeanor to the emotion. It is widely accepted all over the whole country in reference to the Civil War.

Medals provides detailed information on Medals, Custom Medals, Award Medals, Military Medals and more. Medals is affiliated with Baseball Autographs.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Eddie_Tobey
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War-Medals&id=429838

Christmas Traditions with Origins in the Civil War Era

By Kathryn Lively

These days we read so many articles detailing the origins of various Christmas traditions - the placement of a ornamental tree inside the home, egg nog and other culinary delights, and the Christian adoption of the season to celebrate the birth of Jesus. Many would be surprised to know, however, that a number of seasonal traditions actually have their origins in the Civil War era.

During this tumultuous time of brother against brother, the holidays were still celebrated (mainly in the South) with the hope of a swift conclusion to the conflicts that divided our nation for many years. It is said, too, that the states were split on the issue of celebrating the holiday as much as they were on subjects that led to the war in the first place. Being that the nation was young, this generation grew from a Puritan time where celebrating Christmas was considered sinful, due to the roots of many traditions being steeped in paganism that the early Christians sought to suppress. It wasn't until the early nineteenth century when US states finally legalized the holiday – the first three being Alabama, Lousiana, and Arkansas.

These days, we might catch a glimpse of traditions we observe now in the Christmas scenes in Gone With the Wind and other movies depicting the time. They, however, only tell part of a story. Here follows just a short list of Christmas mainstays and traditions that evolved from this time in history.

Santa Claus

While the legend of Santa Claus has its roots in a much earlier time – reaching as far as the origins of Christianity itself – it is the modern depiction of this jolliest of elves that saw its creation in the mid-nineteenth century with Thomas Nast. Nast, a widely-known cartoonist of the day (arguably credited with being the father of the modern-day political cartoon), created the visage of Santa Claus for Harper's Weekly around 1863. The billowing white beard, nose like a cherry, and wide-girthed figure bearing a sack full of toys soon became synonymous with the secular aspects of the holiday. These days, contemporary depictions of St. Nick do not stray from Nast's original vision.

Christmas Carols

Did you know that many of the songs we sing during this joyous occasion had originally been written during the darkest time of our nation's history? Indeed, one could argue that some Christmas carols are actually the forerunners of the modern day protest song, as some carols penned in this time were actually thinly veiled commentary on the war. "It Came Upon a Midnight Clear," written by minister Edmund Sears, touches upon the desire for peace during this time, while Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" contains strong anti-war sentiment. Of course, one likely doesn't sense this because the more blatant verses of Longfellow's poem are omitted in the traditional carol we sing today. By contrast, Phillips Brooks' "O Little Town of Bethelem" touches on the hope for peace in the aftermath of conflict.

Care Packages

While the troops were out to war, it was not uncommon for a soldier to receive gifts while at battle. Barrels of food and drink, warm clothing, and trinkets from home were especially prized and brought a modicum of cheer to an otherwise dismal situation. One could easily liken these gestures to traditions we hold today in sending care packages to our men and women overseas.

From the songs we sing to the icons we identify, one would be surprised to know how the Civil War influenced our contemporary observance of the Christmas season.

Kathryn Lively is The Write SEO, providing freelance content and marketing assistance for websites like GoStaffordVA.com, the official site of Stafford County tourism, preserving Civil War history for visitors. She works for CINIVA Systems, Virginia Web Design.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Kathryn_Lively
http://EzineArticles.com/?Christmas-Traditions-with-Origins-in-the-Civil-War-Era&id=364192

Civil War History is Alive in Stafford County

By Kathryn Lively

The War Between the States. The War of Northern Aggression. The Civil War...whatever you wish to call it, there's no denying that those five years in the mid nineteenth represented one of the darkest times in our nation's history. More than a century later, the turmoil of brothers pitted against brothers, and a people's desire for freedom, continues to hold a fascination for some. Books and films about this time remain popular, and vacations are planned around Civil War sightseeing. Nowhere better can one absorb the experience of this bygone era than in Stafford County.

The next time you plan an historical tour for your vacation, consider making a few detours at these Stafford County attractions on the way to Gettysburg or Washington, DC:

Aquia Landing

If you think of the Civil War and sea battles, the Monitor and Merrimac most likely come to mind. However, Union gunboats were also active fighting Rebel forces along the creek beds of Aquia Landing. Here is where the first torpedos of the war were used, too. Aquia Landing is now a popular county park, open from Memorial Day to Labor Day with many landmarks to pinpoint pivotal battles of the war.

Cornstalks and Beanpoles Bridge

Though the original bridge built in 1862 no longer exists, you can still see its stone foundation where Union engineers had to quickly build a connection over Potomac Creek. The bridge gets is name from President Lincoln, who compared the original bridge to "beanpoles and cornstalks," given the hurriedness with which the bridge was contructed. The bridge is located near some of the Civil War trails found in Stafford.

Hartwood Presbyterian Church

This red brick church is included on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places. At this site the Confederate army enjoyed a victory over Union troops in 1863, capturing over 150 men. The church was utilized as a post by both sides during the war.

Part two of this article will feature the area highway markers where significant events of the Civil War took place in Stafford County.

Kathryn Lively is a freelance writer whose articles on travel have appeared on many websites, including GoStaffordVA.com, the official website of Stafford County, Virginia Economic Development and Tourism.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Kathryn_Lively
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War-History-is-Alive-in-Stafford-County,-Pt.-I&id=350222

The Civil War - FOGC

By Robert Baird

Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to Lafayette in 1823 that went as follows:
"I do not believe with the Rochefoucaults and Montaignes, that fourteen of fifteen men are rogue. I believe a great abatement from that proportion may be made in favor of general honesty. But I have always found that rogues would be uppermost, and I do not know that the proportion is to strong for the higher orders... These set out with stealing the people's good opinion, and then steal from them the right of withdrawing it by contriving laws and associations against the power of the people themselves."

"… the archetypal Roman shouldered the White Man's Burden, the arduous but fabulously profitable task of governing those whom, despite all evidence to the contrary, the Romans judged incapable of governing themselves." (Lucy Hughes-Hallett from 'Cleopatra')

“We have it in our power to begin the world over again.” -- Paine, Common Sense, 1776.

“Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies a theft from those who hunger and are not fed; those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its labourers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron.” - Dwight D. Eisenhower, April 16, 1953

"... our mode of teaching the principles of our profession [Masonry] is derived from the Druids ... and our chief emblems originally came from Egypt ..." [William Hutchinson, Mason, The Spirit of Masonry, revised by George Oliver, New York, Bell Publishing, originally published in 1775, p. 195]

“I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country.
As a result of the war, corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed.” - President Abraham Lincoln, 1865

Religion as a tool of commerce and the elite is well established in the oppressive doctrine called Manifest Destiny as well as the more recent Rerum Novarum. It makes me chuckle to see the complaint of Roger Williams who founded Rhode Island to get ‘away from’ the kind of thing the Indians suffered under - far, far and indeed the farthest imaginable ‘away from’ from is what we all should strive to allow. It raises mercantile progress above all else and the Yanomami in Brazil are being genocidally dealt with under this doctrine to this very day. Here is a little from a book titled Manifest Destiny and the words of Roger Williams to see if you can find humor in the situation.

“… the primary test for full citizenship became membership in the Puritan church. Within these limits—and they were narrow, for the Puritans did not tolerate differences of religious opinion—Massachusetts practiced self-government free from outside control… More important, such access gave energetic Puritan merchants an opportunity to join in the profitable trade which grew up between America, the West Indies and Great Britain. {Which included slavery and other immoral rip-offs of natives who had helped them.}

Not everyone found the tight Puritan rule of Massachusetts to his liking. Roger Williams was one of those who resisted the strict standards of religious orthodoxy for citizenship… After a bitter dispute with the ruling oligarchy {Eastern Establishment of today.} in Massachusetts, Williams was forced to flee and he organized a new colony at Providence, Rhode Island. In 1644 Williams obtained a charter for the colony of Rhode Island, The new colony’s liberality was well described in the vigorous seventeenth-century prose of Williams himself: ‘We have long drunk the cup of as great liberties as any people we can hear of under the whole of heaven. We have not only been long free… from the iron yoke of wolfish bishops, and Popish ceremonies… We have not felt the new chains of Presbyterian tyrants, nor in this colony have we been consumed with the over-zealous fire of (so-called) godly Christian Magistrates.’” (3)

I will stifle my disgust at the way power-mongers indulge ego and immoral duplicity in their constant need to dominate.

“In order to properly grasp the spirit in which this book is written, it is necessary to remember that though it is not altogether an Indian story, it has an Indian background. The considering attitude towards all nature which appears throughout the work, is best explained by a quotation from John G. Guilford’s Story of the Seminole War.

“‘The meaning of sovereignty is not very clear to primitive peoples, especially to the Indian. He rarely dominated the things around him; he was a part of nature and not its boss.’ Hewitt says of the Indian:’

‘In his own country… he is a harmonious element in a landscape that is incomparable in its nobility of colour and mass and feeling of the Unchangeable. He never dominates it as does the European his environment, but belongs there as do the mesas, skies, sunshine, spaces and the other living creatures. He takes his part in it with the clouds, winds, rocks, plants, birds and beasts, with drum beat and chant and symbolic gesture, keeping time with the seasons, moving in orderly procession with nature, holding to the unity of life in all things, seeking no superior place for himself but merely a state of harmony with all created things… the most rhythmic life… that is lived among the races of men.’ This viewpoint is not peculiar to people of native blood but it is often found in those other races who have resided for many years in the wilderness.” (4)

The behind the scenes brokers of power like Pierre Dupont de Nemours and Eli Lilly or the Rothschilds and Rockefellers of the Merovingians are seen as supporters of much of the alternative history and humanistic efforts made in various times or eras of our history. Dupont arranged the Armistice to satisfy his relative King George who some say financed the US War of Independence and needed to get his debt repaid. My brother Russ tells me the Queen’s Rangers who became the Queen’s York Rangers he was part of in Toronto. They felt they could have beaten Washington’s army who they outnumbered even without British troops. Then we saw the Duponts start the armaments industry in America and the rest, as they say, is history. This is what Manifest Destiny is really all about and it has little to do with the theological ideology of Divine Providence and the ascending nature of man’s evolution. You might know Sam Houston retired to live with the Cherokee after his stint in the halls of political intrigue. Here are some things you might feel deserve consideration.

"Texas hero and governor Sam Houston reportedly was a member of the Knights {In my travels the only overt and openly seen storefront KKK operation I saw was in Houston's suburb when I called on the manager of Mickey Gilley's bar.} at the time but resigned when the Knights turned their attention from the invasion of Mexico to the secessionist movement.

It was in the cause of Southern secession that Bickley proved more successful, as the KGC came to form the nucleus of the Southern military. According to writer Ollinger Crenshaw, 'The Southern press received plans of the order with enthusiasm and many newspapers became its exponents... The Vicksburg 'Sun' said the Knights of the Golden Circle gave the South a military organization capable of defending her rights at home and abroad.'

The KGC was divided into three sections or 'degrees'--the 'Foreign and Home Guard Militia', the 'Foreign and Home Guard Corps', of civilian support, and the 'American Legion' which was the political and governing arm. Reportedly, by 1860 membership in the KGC was more than sixty-five thousand and constituted the 'brains' of the South. Bickley made their objective clear when he declared, 'The fact is, we want a fight, but how to get it is the question.'

Through constant agitation, the Knights stirred up hatreds and fears throughout the North and South. 'After Abraham Lincoln was, elected in 1860, this minority of the Southern minority conspired to bring off a last gamble. In 1861, to the extremists' amazement, disunion triumphed,' wrote historian William W. Freehling.

KGC activity in Northern states involved a plan to create a "Northwest Confederacy" composed of pro-Southerners in several states, including Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, and Michigan. Illinois alone was reported to have a KGC membership of some twenty thousand. The plan was to seize federal arsenals, then take control of the states and release all Confederate prisoners. One state official, Edmund Wright, tried to oppose the Knights, only to have his wife poisoned and his home burned. In August 1862 sixty KGC members--out of a reported fifteen thousand members in Indiana--were indicted for conspiracy and treason but later released. Federal prosecutors were fearful of creating martyrs and the conspiracy cases were weak.

The Knight's actions created havoc with the national government, prompting President Lincoln to lament, 'The enemy behind us is more dangerous to the country than the enemy before us.'

The Lincoln administration was compelled to imprison more than thirteen thousand people on charges of 'disloyalty', which meant anything from speaking against the government to discouraging military enlistment. 'Those who before the war had been called 'the loyal opposition' found themselves after 1861 commonly referred to as traitors,' wrote author Larry Starkey.

Such repression incensed Democrats and anti-Republicans, who charged federal officials with exaggerating the KGC threat in order to suppress criticism of the administration. Membership in the Knights' organization and its spin-offs, the Order of American Knights and the Sons of Liberty, grew to number in the hundreds of thousands. According to Griffin, the Knights went underground after the war, 'eventually emerging as the Ku Klux Klan. {In Birth of a Nation, the movie shows over 20,000 white-hooded Knights going up Pennsylvania Ave. to meet their Grand Wizard, the former Head of Princeton and later architect of the failed League of Nations, President Woodrow Wilson.)

In 1863 Bickley was arrested as a spy in Indiana and held without trial until his release in 1865."(5)

Did the Melungeons (perhaps Lincoln was one) and other white people who fled Europe during Dark Ages repression find Cincinnati and the earlier white settlers of Adena to their welcome liking? The Bat Creek, Tennessee area from which we have nine skeletons who Cyrus Gordon of New York University says were fleeing Roman Lions are good evidence of that. He demonstrates the academics who thought the language or script on the stone found with them were wrong. They thought it was Cherokee but he showed it was Semitic many years later. There is a plethora of evidence showing people coming to the America's in every post-Christian century. It was going on for at least 4,000 years before that by boat. The European people spread out of the Caucasus to all parts of the world 30,000+ years ago according to genetic proof provided in my other books is now joined by ‘Y’ chromosome research. When Napoleon gave the Louisiana Purchase to America he imposed certain legal requirements establishing further separations between church and state that the 'Birdman of Alcatraz' took advantage of as shown when he married in prison.

It would not surprise us if the Holy Roman Empire was always managed by the Merovingians of Charlemagne and Childeric right up to the Priory of Sion that founded the Templars through the likes of Godfroi de Bouillon and Pierre Plantard de Saint-Clair who are descendants of Charlemagne. The De Medicis role we implied was a part of the whole affair is a very minor light in this darkness. The Borgia ethic has its Hapsburg and Rothschild mélange. The phenomena of "sheepleism" continually amazes the proctors of behavioral science, and continually delights the magnums of the power elite who are always willing to ‘appeal to their base instincts’ as Machiavelli advised them to do. No lesser a student of politics than Otto von Bismarck has noted the following that impacts the whole world to this day.

"The division of the United States into federations of equal force was decided long before the Civil War by the high financial powers of Europe. These bankers were afraid that the United States, if they remained in one block and as one nation, would attain economic and financial independence, which would upset their financial domination over the world. The voice of the Rothschilds prevailed.... Therefore they sent their emissaries into the field to exploit the question of slavery and to open an abyss between the two sections of the Union."

Author of Diverse Druids

Columnist for The ES Press Magazine
Guest 'expert' at World-Mysteries.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Robert_Baird
http://EzineArticles.com/?The-Civil-War---FOGC&id=45920

Non-Combat Branches in the American Civil War

By Michael Russell

Most of an army is made up not of fighters, but of units whose job is to support the fighters. Modern armies and Civil War armies are a part of modern warfare, consume enormous amounts of everything. Whether in camp or in the field, armies consume tons of food and water every day; not just people do all this consuming, either. The tens of thousands of animals that provided mobility for the cavalry and artillery needed to be fed as well. Anyone who has ever had to feed even one horse or cow knows how much forage it takes every day to keep them happy. In battle, an army consumes ammunition at incredible rates; consequently, men are killed or wounded at very high rates.

In the general mess that is war, someone has to haul every bite of food and every bullet and cannon ball fired. Someone has to provide clothes, shoes (for horses and men), equipment and repair or replace whatever is broken. Someone has to make sure supply stocks are maintained, so that no shortages occur. Someone has to deal with the sick, dead and wounded. Someone has to house the troops when they go into camp. Someone has to build the bridges and rail lines to supply the army. You get the idea.

The quartermaster (called a logistician today) had the unromantic but all-important job of providing everything an army needs to fight. The quartermaster supervised the supply trains (the long train of wagons) that followed the army on the march. In the Union army, the standard was 25 wagons for every thousand men. The medical corps treated casualties (the sick, dead and wounded), taking them from the battlefield, burying the dead and evacuating the wounded or sick to the rear for treatment and (the all too rare) recovery.

Orders for the movement of armies and combat information were passed through the signal troops, who maintained the critical lines of communication for the army. In the Civil War these troops used signal flags, mirrors, torches, balloons, couriers and the telegraph to pass orders and instructions. Throughout the war, both sides established a highly organized system of communication that went from the national leaders to the armies in the field and down to the company level - and back up again. For the first time in the history of warfare, the telegraph became an indispensable means of almost instantaneous communication. It allowed Presidents Davis and Lincoln an unprecedented opportunity to maintain contact with generals in the field. The telegraph also allowed them at times to meddle in their generals' affairs. The armchair strategists in Richmond and Washington also enjoyed using the telegraph to provide field generals with commentary and criticism. Civil War leaders were the first to discover what people today know all too well: Communications technology can be both a blessing and a curse.

Engineers planned and built fortifications both temporary and permanent, built roads and bridges (both temporary and permanent) and made terrain maps (probably temporary and permanent, too). As the war went on, the skills of engineers became of increasing importance when both armies began to use entrenchments and breastworks, using sandbags and logs covered with earth to protect their forces while having a clear shot at the attacking enemy. Both Richmond and Washington were protected by extensive fortifications.

Michael Russell

Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Non-Combat-Branches-in-the-American-Civil-War&id=248507

Civil War - The Curtain Drawn Aside

By Michael Russell

When the republicans won in the 1860 election and Abraham Lincoln was the President-elect, the leaders of the Cotton Belt in the deep South knew perfectly well that although he was not an abolitionist and had never advocated the destruction of slavery in the states, slavery was not safe with him in the White House. They knew the tide was going to turn with a president and a dominant political party in Washington committed to the checking of slavery in the territories. They knew that if slavery was no longer able to expand, it eventually would have to die.

If the Southerners did not feel that they were going to war to defend slavery, they did have a deep feeling that the race question that would confront them if slavery were abolished was more than they could handle. They had been brought up, despite the quietness of their slave population, to suspect that under the surface dangerous violence lurked. The example of Santo Domingo, where the slaves rose in revolt and massacred all the white people they could get their hands on, was something they never forgot. The Nat Turner Rebellion had pointed in that direction. A few other outbreaks in the South seemed to point the same way. And most Southerners frankly confessed that they did not see how the two races could get along together if the institution of Slavery were removed. If the Southerners were not fighting to preserve slavery, then they were at least fighting to preserve a situation in which they did not have to be afraid of a sudden violent uprising by the slave population.

What made John Brown, for instance, such a hated character in the South, was the fact that his strange abortive raid at Harpers Ferry was designed as a step to stir up a slave rebellion. If it had succeeded, it would undoubtedly have gotten out of hand. Brown was the man to start something like that; not the man to control it. Fortunately, it did not succeed and the country was spared what would have been a very tragic, bloody experience. But the fact that such a tragic, bloody experience seemed to lie below the surface of their lives was a frightening thing to the people of the South and helped persuade a great many that safety, for them, lay in getting out of the Union.

The black man in the North was not a slave, but he was very definitely not merely a second-class citizen, but a third or fourth-class citizen. He had few rights, practically no privileges and no social standing whatever. In general, the poorest jobs, the lowest wages and the worst housing were reserved for him. In some cases, indeed, it was possible to argue that some slaves in the South might be better off than black people were in the North, strictly from the standpoint of food, clothing, housing and general treatment. Of course, that argument missed the point because, above everything else, the slave wanted his freedom and he was willing to pay a high price for it; and he did. The rest of the country paid an equal price to get it for him.

When the war began and Northern armies moved down into the South, the soldiers in the Northern armies discovered that the black men who were all around them were somehow on their side. The soldiers felt that they were in a foreign country, simply because slavery did not exist there. They passed the plantations with their slave quarters behind the big house and the work gangs out in the field. This was not life in Ohio or Pennsylvania. This was foreign; it was different. The people here were enemies and yet, somehow these black folk were friendly. If a soldier was lost from his unit, or had straggled after a battle and did not know where he was or how to get back, it was the black people who would help him. They would give him something to eat, they would put him on the road, they would help him dodge the Confederate patrols; they were always on his side. Furthermore, they soon clustered round the camps and the Northern soldier began to realize that there was something wrong with the argument that the slaves were contented with their lot.

Michael Russell
Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War---The-Curtain-Drawn-Aside&id=219091

Civil War - Timeline Of US Civil War - 1862

By Michael Russell

In this next installment of the US Civil War we're going to take a look at the year 1862. This was the year that the war really became an all out war as Lincoln realized that he had to take action against the South in a way he never thought imaginable. What follows is the timeline of one of the worst years in the war itself.

In January of 1862 Lincoln realized that this war needed some serious action to be taken. So on January 27, 1862, he issued an actual war order, or declaration of war against the Southern states. He ordered General McClellan to take aggressive action against the Confederacy but McClellan ignored his order.

At first, Lincoln tried to show patience with General McClellan but finally in March of 1862 he lost his patience and relieved General McClellan of his command. Lincoln order the Virginia army to be reorganized during this time. McClellan was instead given command of the army of the Potomac and was ordered to attack Richmond.

In March of 1862 was the famous naval battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac. The Union Monitor fought the Merrimac to a draw but not before the Merrimac was able to sink two Union ships just off of Norfolk, Virginia.

In April of 1862 was the Battle Of Shiloh. The battle happened on April 6, 1862. On this day the Confederate troops attacked the Union troops at Shiloh, Tennessee, who were under the command of General Ulysses Grant. By the time the day had ended the Union troops were almost defeated. But reinforcements arrived and eventually the Confederate troops were driven back. By the battle's end, over 13,000 Union troops and 11,000 Confederate troops were killed.

In May of 1862 General Stonewall Jackson attacked the Union forces towards the end of the month in the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson defeated them and caused the Union troops to retreat across the Potomac. Because of this, the Union troops had to be rushed to protect Washington, DC.

In June of 1862 was the Battle of Seven Pines. The battle actually began on May 31 but lasted until the next day. It was only because of last minute reinforcements that the Union army was spared a terrible defeat. However, the command of the Northern Army in Virginia did fall to General Robert E. Lee of the Confederacy.

In July of 1862 was fought the 7 Days Battle, which actually began on June 26. This was actually a series of battles after which, finally on July 2, the Confederate Army retreated to Richmond, Virginia.

In August of 1862 was the second Battle of Bull Run. The Union Army was defeated at this battle. The blame fell on General Fitz-John Porter because he didn't commit his troops quickly enough. He was eventually forced out of the army in 1863.

In September of 1862 was the Battle of Antietam. The battle took place on September 17 and up to that time was the bloodiest of the war. Over 11,000 troops on each side were either killed or wounded. There was really no winner of this battle but because General Lee withdrew to Virginia, General McClellan of the Union Army was declared the winner.

In December of 1862 was the Battle of Fredricksburg. General McClellan was replaced by General Ambrose E. Burnside. Burnside's forces were soundly defeated at this battle and he was then quickly replaced by General Joseph Hooker.

In our next installment we look at the year 1863.

Michael Russell

Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War---Timeline-Of-US-Civil-War---1862&id=212016

Civil War - The Loss of Innocence

By Michael Russell

Follow a civil war soldier through a battle and you find that you are studying two incomprehensible paths through space.

One is the trajectory of the bullet that kills him and the other is the trajectory of the man.

If these two trajectories meet, they both end and one who looks on at a safe distance is likely to begin an unsatisfying speculation. The short life of the bullet's flight caused it to be at one particular point in space one foot above the top rail of a fence along Farmer Jones's cornfield say, at precisely twenty-one minutes past nine o'clock on a certain Tuesday morning in September. The man's own flight, leisurely and whimsical and all but purposeful, guided by forces whose complexity we can never understand, brought him from afar to that same place at exactly the same moment. If any of the infinite chances by which life is guided had made him veer one foot the other way or had delayed him by one second, his trajectory would not have crossed the trajectory of the bullet and he would have lived.

Suppose his company had been two seconds late in falling into line that morning when it was time to break camp and take to the road. Suppose his regiment had swung a yard further to the right, suppose, suppose, suppose.

Although the riddle is insoluble it does not stop us from studying the man's trajectory, because the riddle of the soldier's fate is the same riddle that is common to all of us whether we are in the army or not. The human trajectory is eternally incalculable, beginning in deepest mystery and going blind to a fate no one can predict.

But the business is best studied in wartime because then we do not have to admit that the terror and the tragedy are personal to ourselves. So we consider the life of the soldier and we reflect that it does not go according to plan. It bumps and drifts and sometimes it lies in military backwaters waiting for some eddy to take it out into the mainstream; some soldiers drift on inexorably to that final appointment while others go past it and get to the end of the battle and the end of the war with the end of life still lying somewhere far ahead. This of course is not to say that the soldier who survives for a quiet old age is the same one who enlisted when the war was young. He has lost something; if not life itself, then the dreams and illusions of youth which once seemed to give life its meaning. He has come down to earth ahead of time.

Probably that is why the old Civil War veterans on their final years seemed so clannish. They stuck together as much as they could because they shared an understanding other folk did not have. Like Adam, they had been cast out of the enchanted garden, leaving innocence behind. This, to be sure, happens to everybody sooner or later, but the point to remember about these Civil War soldiers is that they came from a much less sophisticated age than any soldiers who have appeared since then. They had more innocence to lose, they had farther to fall and if the actual shock was not really greater, they were less well prepared to adjust to its effects.

Today's soldier ceased to believe in the great garden long before he ever left it; the Civil War man for the most part lived happily in it up to the moment when the flaming sword was swung and he came out into the workaday world all unprepared.

Michael Russell
Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War---The-Loss-of-Innocence&id=219094

Civil War - Timeline Of US Civil War - 1864

By Michael Russell

In this next installment of the US Civil War we're going to take a look at the year 1864. This was the year that Sherman began his march through Atlanta, Lincoln was reelected and the war was close to coming to an end The early months of the war were very quiet. The Confederacy was weakened, having sustained heavy casualties and moral was very low. Many soldiers were deserting. Lee himself could see that defeat was near. Yet the South fought on in one of the bloodiest years of the war.

In May of 1864, after a relatively uneventful first four months, General Grant began his Wilderness campaign. This was the year that Grant was promoted to commander of the entire Union army and was probably the smartest move Lincoln had made to that point. Grant was a true leader and this appointment more than likely brought about a quicker end to the war. Grant had decided that he was going to engage Lee's forces in Virginia and not let up until they were completely destroyed. They met in a three day battle in the wilderness. Even though Lee inflicted more casualties on Grant than he had sustained, he didn't have as many men to begin with and had no reinforcements.

This battle in the wilderness continued until they met at Spotsylvania. Here, Grant continued to attack Lee at the Spotsylvania Court House. Grant fought him for five days and vowed to fight him all summer long if he had to.

In June of 1864, Grant followed Lee into Cold Harbor. This battle was so violent that Grant lost over 7,000 men in a little over 20 minutes. This was the fastest casualty rate of any battle in the whole war. Even though Lee suffered fewer casualties, he was never able to recover from Grant's relentless assault. While technically a victory for Lee, it was his last one of the war because his army was so depleted.

Also in that month was the Siege On Petersburg. This actually lasted from June of 1864 to April of 1865. Grant hoped to be able to take Petersburg, but was unsuccessful. This siege resulted in thousands of casualties for both sides.

In July of 1864 the Confederate troops began their march on Washington, DC. General Jubal Early marched his troops into Maryland to help ease some of the pressure on Lee's army. He only got within five miles of Washington but was eventually driven back to Virginia on July 13, 1864.

And then it happened. In August of 1864 Sherman began his march into Atlanta. The Southern army held off Sherman and his men as long as they could. But having twice the number of men, Sherman eventually took Atlanta on September 1, 1864. This was a huge moral booster for the Union.

In November of 1864 Sherman then began his march to the sea. This was a daring move as this march cut Sherman off from his supplies. But he continued on through Georgia, wiping out everything in his path, including factories, bridges, railroads and public buildings. This was one of the most famous marches of the entire war.

That same month, Lincoln was reelected President. There was a time that people thought Lincoln wouldn't win reelection because of his leniency. But Sherman's victory in Atlanta was the one act that sealed his reelection bid.

In the final installment we'll take a look at the year 1865.

Michael Russell

Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War---Timeline-Of-US-Civil-War---1864&id=212560

Civil War - Timeline Of US Civil War - 1863

By Michael Russell

In this next installment of the US Civil War we're going to take a look at the year 1863. This was the year that that Lincoln freed the slaves. It was probably one of the most important years of the war from a psychological standpoint and contained some of the most important legislature and most famous battles of the entire war.

In January of 1863 congress was slowly moving towards abolition of slavery. Lincoln eventually realized that this was unavoidable. On January 1, 1863 he issues the Emancipation Proclomation. This proclomation declared that all slaves in the areas that were rebelling against the Union were now free in the eyes of the US government.

In March of 1863 was the first conscription act. This act was made because of the problem of getting men to sign up for the war effort. The act made it so that any man between the ages of 20 and 45 could be called into service. This act prompted many riots, especially in the poorer areas of the country.

In May of 1863 was the Battle of Chancellorsville. The battle actually began on April 27 when General Hooker crossed the Rappahannock River to begin his attack against General Lee. But Lee outsmarted them and divided up his forces, attacking Hooker in three places. He nearly wiped out his whole army. Hooker eventually retreated back over the river. Even though Lee was victorious, it was his most costly victory as far as casualties went.

Also in that same month was the Vicksburg Campaign. This was actually a series of battles where General Grant won a number of them. On May 22, 1863, Grant waged a major siege on the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, leading to the surrender of General Pemberton and the capture of 30,000 men. After these victories, the Confederacy was literally split in two.

In June and July of 1863 was probably the most famous campaign of the entire Civil War, that of Gettysburg. Gettysburg was a major blunder for the Union forces. Even though they won the battle itself, not following Lee into Virginia after his retreat was a big mistake. Had they done so, the war itself might have ended a lot sooner. Shortly after this battle, in November of that year, Lincoln gave his famous Gettysburg Address.

In September of 1863 was the Battle of Chickamauga. The battle itself took place on September 19, 1863. Union and Confederate forces met right on the Tennessee-Georgia border. The Union forces retreated and the Confederacy retained control of the area.

In November of 1863 was the Battle of Chattanooga. This was a major part of the war for the Union army. It was their victory there that paved the way for General Sherman's march through Atlanta.

In December of 1863 was the Seige On Knoxville. This is where General Burnside bravely fought off the Confederacy while he sought refuge in Knoxville. General Longstreet, who led the assault against Burnside, eventually withdrew his army on December 3.

In our next installment we look at the year 1864.

Michael Russell

Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War---Timeline-Of-US-Civil-War---1863&id=212562

Civil War - Timeline Of US Civil War - 1861

By Michael Russell

The United States of America. The greatest country in the world, or at least so they say, has had its share of bloodshed on its own soil. The US Civil War was one of the bloodiest wars of all time. Below is the first year's timeline of how the war went. Nobody alive today is going to know this unless they've studied it in history class. But there was a time not too long ago, when people who were around during this terrible time probably had long conversations about it with your parents or grandparents. Sadly, only in one on one conversations can you truly understand the horror of what transpired during this five year period.

In January of 1861 the southern states seceded from the Union. The election of Abraham Lincoln was pretty much the cause, as the South felt that he would free the slaves, thus taking away their source of labor on the plantations. Yes, this was a war of economics. Aren't they all?

In February of 1861 the southern states created their own government and created their own Confederate Constitution. It was similar to the US constitution but gave more autonomy to each individual state.

In March of 1861 Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the United States. He stated at his address that he had no plans to abolish slavery but he would also not accept the South seceding from the Union. He said he hoped that he would be able to resolve this problem without going to war.

In April of 1861 was the attack on Fort Sumter. Lincoln was going to send supplies to the fort and warned the state of South Carolina in advance. But they thought this was a trick. The commander of the fort offered to surrender but his offer was refused. The first shots of the Civil War were fired in Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.

In June of 1861 several things happened. A new state, West Virginia, was created and four of the slave states decided to stay in the Union. These states were Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri. They were divided in their loyalties but ultimately decided to stay in the Union.

In July of 1861 was the first Battle Of Bull Run. General McDowall was ordered to attack the South even though his troops were not properly trained. The attack occurred on July 21. While it was initially successful, Confederate reinforcements caused the Union troops to retreat back towards Washington.

Also in that same month there were some shakeups in the Union command. Lincoln realized that there was a need for organized military training so he replaced General McDowall with General George B. McClellan. Also during the month of July the Union started a large blockade of Confederate ports so that they couldn't get supplies. In response to this, the South just built smaller and faster ships that could outmaneuver the Union ships.

The war was now in full swing.

In our next installment we look at the year 1862.

Michael Russell

Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War---Timeline-Of-US-Civil-War---1861&id=212015

Civil War - Bound Together

By Michael Russell

One of the oddest things about the American Civil War was the fact that the two countries that were trying their best to destroy each other - the Southern Confederacy and the Federal Union- discovered very soon that they could not possibly get along without each other. They were bound together by economic ties that were too strong to be broken even by the stress of war. This showed itself most visibly in the matter of trading with the enemy, as we would now call it and the war probably would have ended a year or two sooner if there had been no mutual trade with the enemy on either side.

Even while trying to suppress the Confederacy, the people of the North still needed some of the products the Confederacy supplied: cotton chiefly, but also sugar, rice and tobacco. The Confederacy, trying to pull away and prove its own independence, found itself entirely unable to do that without the help of things it could get from the North: all kinds of manufactured goods, clothing, medicines, surgical instruments, port and corn. Although the Confederacy was an agricultural nation, it concentrated so heavily on such staples as cotton and sugar that it needed to import corn and pork in order to feed itself and its slaves. Then, of course the Confederacy also had to have salt, which came from the North. In those days, there was very little refrigeration, practically nothing in the way of artificial refrigeration or refrigerated warehouses. So to preserve meat, it had to be salted. Without it, the government couldn't feed its working people, whether they were slave people or free laborers.

Due to this mutual dependency, the two sides began to trade with each other. This went on throughout the war. In 1864 a Congressional committee looking into these matters remarked that occupied New Orleans - that is, New Orleans with Federal troops in it - had helped the Confederacy more than any of the Confederacy's own seaports except Wilmington, North Carolina.

The navy, of course, did its best to keep an airtight blockade. It was not always successful. Indeed, even when the blockade was most effective, a fairly substantial number of ships got through. It was the very nature of the business. The North simply couldn't make the blockade airtight.

Economically the Civil war wore heavily on the people who stayed at home, the way all wars do. It rested on them much more heavily in the South than in the North. In the South there were genuine shortages, shortages of manufactured goods of all kinds, of medicine and shortage of foodstuffs. The Southern people who stayed at home missed the work that would ordinarily have been done by the men who were in the army. Slaves, of course, remained on the plantations, but the average Southerner whether he lived in a town or on a farm was under a great handicap and suffered real hardships.

In the North the situation was not nearly as bad. The North had access to outside supplies. Its own manufacturing system was very robust. It might be hard for a railroad to get rails in adequate quantity, for a farmer to get all of the tools he needed, for builders to get the supplies they wanted, but it was never impossible and there were never shortages of foodstuffs. As a matter of fact, the North exported a great deal of wheat to England all through the war and probably one of the big reasons why the British Government decided not to get into the war was the fact that Britain badly needed the imports of food coming from the North.

The North had all kinds of strength to spare, not only in manufactured goods and foodstuffs but also in people. Immigration continued at a high rate and it was during the height of the war that a very large number of Northerners crossed the Mississippi River and moved west to settle in places like Nebraska, Minnesota and elsewhere. Some of the people who moved west were just as happy to go out where the army could not reach them. But in the main, they were just part of the great Westward movement that even the war could not break up.

Michael Russell
Your Independent guide to Civil War

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Russell
http://EzineArticles.com/?Civil-War---Bound-Together&id=225064

My Great-great Grandfather Served in the Civil War

My great-great grandfather was honored for his service in the Civil War.

My Great-Great Grandfather Served in the Civil WarYesterday, April 15, 2006 I went to the grave marker dedication honoring the Civil War service of my great-great grandfather, Henry Prescott.

His father was John Prescott (came from South Carolina) and his mother was Martha.

He was born in Appling county, Georgia, June 21, 1839 and died in Charlton county, Georgia, on March 12, 1903.

He served as a private with Company I, 27th Regiment, and company K, 54th Regiment, Georgia Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War.

The following lineage shows how I am related to him:

Henry Prescott married Jane (Howard). They had nine children and the oldest was Jeanette Viola born August 28, 1866 (died September 21, 1937). She married Robert A. Gill, born July 3, 1859 (died June 22, 1931).

They lived in Pierce county, Georgia, and had 12 children.

Their sixth child was Ruth, born January 24, 1895 (died May 20, 1986).

Ruth married Archie Perry Winn, born February 2, 1895 (died November 17, 1963).

He was the ninth (of 13) child of Jasper J. Winn and Melissa Dowling.

Archie and Ruth had eight children.

Their sixth and seventh children were twins, Mary and Mildred.

My mother was Mary, born October 22, 1929 (died Jan 7, 2001).

She married A.J. Rozier, born August 18, 1926 (died December 22, 1966).

His father was James Bess Rozier born in 1890 (died 1933), from McIntosh County, Georgia.

He married Esma Manning, born 1900 (died 1964).

Mary and A.J. had five children and I am their third child.

The marker dedication was held on the burial grounds of Corinth Primitive Baptist church located in north Charlton County, Georgia.

This land was donated by Henry for a church.

He and his wife had moved to Charlton county in 1880.

He purchased 750 acres of land and was a farmer.

Many people were there, including some great-great-great-great grandchildren. The commander of the "Seaboard Guards" gave the opening remarks followed by a prayer from the Chaplain.

I then had the honor of reading a portion of scripture, Psalm 116.

To read the Bible at my great-great grandfather's marker dedication, and to see the crowd of some of my kinfolks was a special blessing to me.

As the ceremony unfolded, it was plain to see that even though our great country was divided at one time, the most important thing is family.

After all, soldiers (being a retired one myself), come from families and will fight to defend them.

As I reflected on Henry and Jane's life, I couldn't help but to think that the Good Lord knew what he was doing when he put them together.

If all of their descendants would have been present yesterday, the church grounds would not have contained them.

Henry was a God fearing hardworking family man.

He served as he thought best, and I am so glad he was honored for his service.

This event helped me recognize my roots, and how my ancestors carved a living from the Wiregrass Area of South Georgia.

Henry's old home place is still there.

It is surrounded by majestic pecan and oak trees, no doubt planted by Henry or Jane.

Some of the fields he cleared are still being cultivated, and some of his descendents still live on land that Henry bought.

Irvin L. Rozier, aka walkin2e

About the Author

Author of My Walk with the Lord, www.selahbooks.com

How to Make Your Civil War Uniform Shirt

Your own shirt designed and made by you for your own Civil War Uniform Impression is easy and economical. Follow these simple directions, and your Civil War uniform shirt will be exactly how you want it.

Take all of your girth measurements.

Using a tape measure, measure your chest, stomach and note the bigger of the two measurements. Write it all down in inches. Do not suck your stomach or chest in. Be sure you are in a comfortable position, so your shirt will fit properly.

Next, measure from top of shoulder to mid-thigh, so you can tell how long you want the shirt to be. Next, measure then from shoulder tip to wrist with arm bent at a 90 degree angle, so the sleeve will have enough room in it for you to move freely and comfortably.

Measure your bicep and wrist.

Measure your neck.

Start looking for material but don't buy anything until measurements are completed

Look at original photographs and decide which type of shirt you like and would be comfortable wearing on the march. Look at the collars and variations on how the neck is done. The collar is an easy part of the shirt to change also. A standard placard front with a slit for the head is desirable and very accurate.

Check original photos in ECHOES OF GLORY: ARMS AND EQUIPMENT OF THE CONFEDERACY pgs.79, 93, 147, especially 154-5 for patterns, styles, colors, buttons.

Purchase a shirt pattern. Follow assembly procedures.

Now you are ready to choose your material. 100% cotton or Osnaburg is recommended. In my experience a medium to heavy weight cotton works best. The polished cotton does not absorb sweat as well and is not as high quality. Homespun (good quality cotton) is a looser weave and more comfortable on the march. If you are going to spend time and money on your Civil War Uniform shirt, make it a quality one that will be comfortable for you and last for many seasons.

Muted colors are more of what was worn during the Civil War. If I were going to do a shirt just starting out, I would go with a red, white and/or blue homespun. I would stay away from real bright colors. Use muted-color fabrics. I think it looks much more accurate that way. The reason I said red, white, and blue is that both armies were patriotic and those color combinations were popular in the Civil War Era.

Hand topstitch around the pocket and neck. Your hand topstitching should be about 6 - 8 stitches per inch. If you do this hand stitching, you have just doubled the value of your shirt and jacket.

You probably will not start the hobby out as much of a tailor. My first few handmade items were a joke, but eventually I got to where I can put together a good uniform. I would stay away from shirts that were real fancy. If you don't want to make your own shirt, purchase a shirt that is already made that has machine buttonholes in it and rework the buttonholes to make it look more authentic. Take a seam ripper and pick out the buttonholes and handwork them. I would pick out and redo by hand all exposed machine stitching. Someone can show you how to do that in about 15 minutes. You have just doubled the value of your shirt and made it more authentic.

For photographs of shirt designs, patriotic combinations, and topstitching, go to
http://www.civilwaruniforms.net/shirts.htm

Next, get yourself some good buttons. Stay away from plastic and modern buttons. Go with glass, bone, shell, metal, porcelain, 2-hole cat's eye or Mother of Pearl. Metal buttons are authentic, but they have the potential to rust and stain your fabric. Some of the sutlers that sell fabric and sewing items have buttons.

Or I have a ton of buttons I might be talked into parting with. Buttons can also be found at flea markets, antique stores, in old button baskets, tins or jars. Frequently, you can buy a whole jar of buttons for $3 - check out the buttons in it, and if you find a substantial antique buttons, it certainly is worth it. Sometimes the jar is as valuable as the buttons! I have found jars full of buttons with a hundred dollar button in it. Small items like buttons can make a huge difference and increase the value of your shirt, jacket, pants, etc.

To see some antique buttons, go to http://www.civilwaruniforms.net/civilwarshirtbuttons.htm

Try to get solid brass buttons. Waterbury is good. Original buttons are a bit pricey but not out of the question. If you are getting U.S. Eagle buttons, sutlers have them. Stay away from the ones that are plated. I personally just use coin buttons. If you are doing a state regiment, you want to go with state seal buttons. "I" buttons are a good generic impression. For late war buttons, go with the Tate Script "I" which were coming in later in the war. U.S. buttons can go U.S. or Confederate. It would not be unusual to see an Eagle button on a Confederate uniform.

For more information on making your Civil War Uniforms Shirt and, send an email to
coach@civilwaruniforms.net Learn how to make your own wooden buttons!!

Coach McCoach has been creating patterns and making Civil War uniform items for 25 years. His Civil War uniform designs have been seen in the movies GETTYSBURG, ANDERSONVILLE and the Antietam Visitors Center. For more information, contact coach@civilwaruniforms.net or visit http://www.civilwaruniforms.net


About the Author

Coach McCoach has been creating patterns and making Civil War uniform items for 25 years. His Civil War uniform designs have been seen in the movies GETTYSBURG, ANDERSONVILLE and the Antietam Visitors Center. For more information, contact coach@civilwaruniforms.net or visit http://www.civilwaruniforms.net

Your Civil War Uniform Does Not Have to Look 100+ Years Old

Civil War soldiers did not want to look "tattered." The custom was to look as neat and clean as possible. Remember, when they first got their uniforms, the uniforms looked new. The soldiers of the Civil War liked being tidy. If they had rips and tears in their uniforms, they would sew them up if they could. Being in "tatters" was not a sign of being "cool."

I recommend that you keep your Civil War Uniform looking as clean and trim as possible depending on what you want to portray unless you want to portray a particular campaign where they were ragged. If not I would want to keep my uniform in good shape, and I would not wreck my new uniform right from the start. If you really want a tattered uniform, find one on a blanket.

Even at the end of the war, they were issued new uniforms. Lee's army looked better at the surrender than at Gettysburg.

Remember you have invested a substantial amount of money in your Civil War Uniform. I am passionate about mine being accurate and a correct reproduction. I would not intentionally tear or rip my uniform to make it look worn. Why destroy your uniform after you have spent so much time and effort getting it "right?"

Putting a patch on your pants, jacket, shirt, etc. is an accurate way to fix a hole or tear. But, I am careful not to put too many patches on my uniform, as I don't want to look like a walking quilt! I suggest you keep an eye on the number and size of the patches you are putting on your uniform, to be sure it looks appropriate. I would not put patches on just for effect. The Civil War soldier would try to match the patch to the color of the uniform fabric.

An interesting subject among reenactors is the topic of smell. I don't feel that to have an accurate impression, you have to smell like you have not taken a bath in months. Soldiers of the Civil War tried their hardest to smell good and be clean. They would wash themselves as much as they could in streams, rivers, etc., but remember hygiene in those days was not what it is today.

Plus, think of your fellow reenactors and maybe your own popularity or lack thereof, if you smell really bad. The Civil War was pre-deodorant days. Some guys think the worse you smell, the better your impression, but I would not go to that extreme. You can't diagnose smell in original photos.

My last comment on staying neat and clean as the soldiers of the Civil War wanted to do is about hair. Most of the men who fought in the Civil War ran the gamut - crew cuts to long hair. I think they cut their hair for hygiene hair to keep the lice down. I would think in the summer they would cut their hair more and in the winter they would have longer hair to keep warm.

The same would go with beards. A lot of this had to do with would depend if you had access to water, razors, etc. I would think in camp they would be much better groomed than on campaign.

In general, they were not sporting long ponytails or long hair very often. Long hair was less common than medium or short hair. Look at original photographs. As I have said many times, if you look at original photographs, you will see that the hairstyles of the day were neat and clean and short for the most part.

Coach McCoach has been a Civil War reenactor in the 4th North Carolina Infantry, 2nd Virginia Regiment, and 21st Virginia Company B. Coach has received the "Authenticity Award" from these companies several times for his Civil War Uniform Impression. Coach's Civil War uniform designs have been seen in the movies GETTYSBURG, Antietam Visitors Center, ANDERSONVILLE.

For more information, contact coach@civilwaruniforms.net or go to http://www.civilwaruniforms.net


About the Author

Coach McCoach has been a Civil War reenactor in the 4th North Carolina Infantry, 2nd Virginia Regiment, and 21st Virginia Company B. Coach has received the "Authenticity Award" from these companies several times for his Civil War Uniform Impression. Coach's Civil War uniform designs have been seen in the movies GETTYSBURG, Antietam Visitors Center, ANDERSONVILLE.

Horner's Syndrome: A Medical Discovery from the American Civil War

William Keen, M.D., diagnosed and described a case of "Horner's syndrome" -- a cause of unequal pupils -- in an injured Civil War soldier five years before Johann Friedrich Horner rediscovered the condition that has been known by his name ever since.

Unequally sized pupils in combination with a drooping eyelid on the side of the smaller pupil and decreased sweating on the same side of the face is known as Horner's syndrome, named for Johann Friedrich Horner, a Swiss ophthalmologist who wrote up a case in 1869. When present, Horner's syndrome indicates interruption of the sympathetic nervous system on that side of the body and is still a valuable tool in modern diagnosis.

The sympathetic nervous system helps govern various functions outside conscious control, like pulse, blood pressure, sweating, etc. The portion of the sympathetic pathway influencing the eyes and face follows a convoluted pathway that starts in the brain and flows down through the brainstem to the spinal cord. At the base of the neck, the pathway passes outward from the spinal cord and through the top of the lung. From there it rises through the neck again and into the head where it finally reaches the eye and face. A pair of otherwise identical sympathetic pathways serves each side of the head.

While Horner's observations were valid and the syndrome has been known by his name ever since, he was not the first to recognize this condition. Instead, an American physician by the name of William Keen first diagnosed a case of "Horner's syndrome" in an injured Union soldier during the American Civil War. The soldier, Edward Mooney, had been shot through the right side of his neck at the battle of Chancellorsville.

In 1864, along with fellow physicians, Silas Weir Mitchell and George Morehouse, Keen published a small book, "Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of the Nerves," that included Mooney's case report under the title "Wound of the Sympathetic Nerve." Fresh out of medical school when he entered military service, Keen made the diagnosis upon recognizing the similarities between the soldier's face and that of a cat illustrated in a textbook of physiology. In 1905, near the end of Keen's career as a pioneering neurosurgeon, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia published his reminiscences about the case:

The first nervous case that I remember was a very remarkable one, and the first of its kind ever recorded. It occurred while I was executive officer at the Satterlee Hospital, West Philadelphia. As executive officer it was my duty to assign new patients to the wards, and also to transfer the cases in the specialties, such as the eye, nervous diseases, and injuries, etc., to the special hospitals. One morning, as I sat at my desk, a soldier applied for assignment. On looking up at him I said to myself: 'You are Dalton's cat.'

"Those familiar with Dalton's good old textbook of physiology will remember a cat whose right cervical sympathetic nerve [the portion in the neck] had been severed. The left pupil is very large, the right one very small, and the moment I looked at this man I was struck by the similar condition of his pupils. I quickly asked him, 'Where are you wounded?' and when he pointed to his neck I said to myself again, 'That ball destroyed the sympathetic nerve.'

"In the autumn of 1864 I took a copy of [our] book to Claude Bernard, in Paris, [a legendary physiologist and] the discoverer of the function of the cervical sympathetic and the effect of its division [cutting] upon the pupil and the blood vessels. He exhibited true Gallic enthusiasm when I showed him the first recorded case in the human subject, which confirmed his brilliant researches."

"Dalton's cat" was a drawing in John Call Dalton's "A Treatise on Human Physiology."

Keen attended Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia between 1860 and 1862, and may have seen the drawing in either the first edition (1859) or second edition (1862). At a time when medicine was struggling to gain a scientific footing, Dalton's writings were notable for being based on experimental observations. Dalton was one of America's first physiologists and had studied with Claude Bernard after graduating from Harvard Medical School in 1847.

(C) 2006 by Gary Cordingley


About the Author

Gary Cordingley, MD, PhD, is a clinical neurologist, teacher and researcher who works in Athens, Ohio. For more health-related articles see his websites at: http://www.cordingleyneurology.com and http://www.neurologyarticles.com

Myths of the American Civil War

The Civil War (1861-5) has spawned numerous myths and falsities.

The Republicans did not intend to abolish slavery - just to "contain" it, i.e., limit it to the 15 states where it had already existed. Most of the Democrats accepted this solution.

This led to a schism in the Democratic party. The "fire eaters" left it and established their own pro-secession political organization. Growing constituencies in the south - such as urban immigrants and mountain farmers - opposed slavery as a form of unfair competition. Less than one quarter of southern families owned slaves in 1861. Slave-based, mainly cotton raising, enterprises, were so profitable that slave prices almost doubled in the 1850s. This rendered slaves - as well as land - out of the reach of everyone but the wealthiest citizens.

Cotton represented three fifths of all United States exports in 1860. Southerners, dependent on industrial imports as they were, supported free trade. Northerners were vehement trade protectionists. The federal government derived most of its income from custom duties. Income tax and corporate profit tax were yet to be invented.

The states seceded one by one, following secession conventions and state-wide votes. The Confederacy (Confederate States of America) was born only later. Not all the constituents of the Confederacy seceded at once. Seven - the "core" - seceded between December 20, 1860 and February 1, 1861. They were: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

Another four - Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas - joined them only after the attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861. Two - Kentucky and Missouri - seceded but were controlled by the Union's army throughout the war. Maryland and Delaware were slave states but did not secede.

President James Buchanan who preceded Abraham Lincoln, made clear that the federal government would not use force to prevent secession. Secession was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court only in 1869 (in Texas vs. White) - four years after the Civil War ended. New England almost seceded in 1812, during the Anglo-American conflict, in order to protect its trade with Britain.

The constitution of the Confederacy prohibited African slave trade (buying slaves from Africa), though it allowed interstate trade in slaves. The first Confederate capital was in Montgomery, Alabama - not in Richmond, Virginia. The term of office of the Confederate president - Jefferson Davis was the first elected - was six years, not four as was the case in the Union.

Fort Sumter was not the first attack of the Confederacy on the Union. It was preceded by attacks on 11 forts and military installations on Confederate territory.

Lincoln won only 40 percent of the popular vote in 1860. Hence the South's fierce resistance to his abolitionist agenda. In 1864, the Republicans became so unpopular, they had to change their name to the Union Party. Lincoln's vice-president, Johnson, actually was a Democrat and hailed from Tennessee, a seceding state.

He was the only senator from a seceded state to remain in the Senate.

Reconstruction started long before the war ended, in Union-occupied Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Slave tax was an important source of state revenue in the South (up to 60 percent in South Carolina). Emancipation led to near bankruptcy.

The Union states of Connecticut, Minnesota, and Wisconsin refused to pass constitutional amendments to confer suffrage on black males. The Union army consigned black labor gangs to work on the plantations of loyal Southerners and forcibly separated the black workers from their families.

Contrary to myth, nearly two thirds of black families were headed by both parents. Slave marriages were legally meaningless in the antebellum South, though. But nearly 90 percent of slave households remained intact till death or forced separation. The average age of childbirth for women was 20.

Segregation was initiated by blacks. The freedmen lobbied hard and long for separate black churches and educational facilities. Nor was lynching confined to blacks. For instance, a white mob lynched, in September 1862, forty four Union supporters in Gainesville, Texas. Similar events took place in Shelton Laurel, North Carolina. The Ku Klux Klan was the paramilitary arm of the Democratic party in the South, though never officially endorsed by it. It was used to "discipline" the workforce in the plantations - but also targeted Republicans.

The Democrats changed their name after the war to the Conservative Party. By 1877 they have regained power in all formerly Confederate states.


About the Author

Sam Vaknin ( http://samvak.tripod.com ) is the author of Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain - How the West Lost the East. He served as a columnist for Central Europe Review, Global Politician, PopMatters, and eBookWeb , and Bellaonline, and as a United Press International (UPI) Senior Business Correspondent. He is the the editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories in The Open Directory and Suite101.

American Civil War

The American Civil War took place in 1861 to 1865 in the southern United States; also in eastern, central and southwestern regions. The outcome of this bloody civil battle was the defeat of the seceding CSA.

The primary leaders in the War were the well known Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. Both of these men were corageous leaders, and huge names of their time, as well as ours. Casualties of the war include: Killed in Action: 110,100Total dead Toll: 359,500Wounded: 275,200The war claimed more American lives than any other conflict in history, with approximately 560,000 total killed which at the time was a stagerring 1.78% of population and over 970,000 casualties which again is a staggering 3.09% of the population. Often times debated, the causes of the civil war, and even the name of the war itself, are still really left up in the air.

When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 seven states existed: These states were: South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861), Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), and Texas (February 1, 1861)। Lincoln was not even on the ballot in nine states in the South। Several Leaders from South Carolina had long been waiting for an event that might unite the South against the anti-slavery forces. As soon as the election returns were certain, a special South Carolina convention declared "that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the 'United States of America' is hereby dissolved." By February 1, 1861, six more Southern states had seceded. As a result on February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their capital at Montgomery, Alabama. On March 4, 1861, less than a month later, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President of the United States. He stated on this date that he had no intention to invade southern states, but would use force to maintain possession of federal property. The South, especially South Carolina, ignored this plea by Lincoln, and as a result on April 12, the South fired upon the Federal troops there were stationed at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The firing continued until the troops surrendered. This significant event is what many feel was the start of the American Civil War.

About the Author

Feel free to reprint this article as long as you keep the article, this caption and author biography in tact with all hyperlinks.Ryan Fyfe is the owner and operator of Civil Spot - http://www.civil-spot.com, which is the best site on the internet for all civil related information.